ELEKTRISCH RIJDENDURACARQUICC!

Well-to-Wheel?

Car manufacturers’ publications on CO2 emission in grams per kilometre always concern the so-called tank-to-wheel figures, in other words the emission produced by the car itself. Emissions during the preceding phase, when fossil fuels are produced, are not taken into account. This so-called well-to-tank phase should be taken into account, as it is responsible for CO2 emission as well. This produces a clear picture of the emission during the entire chain of production and usage, from well to wheel.
Well to Wheel = Well to Tank + Tank to Wheel
The table below serves as a reference for including the CO2 emission during production of petrol or diesel in the analysis  (source: EJRC-2006, European Commission Joint Research Centre):

Petrol  >17%
Diesel  19%
LPG  15%

Generation of electric power

Most manufacturers of electric vehicles publish an emission figure of zero grams CO2 per km.  This is in line with the automobile industry’s policy that tank-to-wheel figures are published and in fact this is the right thing for electric vehicles.  However, the required electricity has to be generated, causing CO2 emission during production. The German eco-institute GEMIS published research on the energy sector and the amount of CO2 emitted in different types of electric power plants.  The well-to-tank figures required to present an overall picture can be deduced from this research. From the test results it appears that QUICC! uses up 1 kWh per 7 km.

EU 15 Gridmix  439 g CO2 /kWh 63 g CO2 /km
Solar energy 89-168 g CO2 /kWh  12 – 24  g CO2 /km
Wind energy   19 g CO2 /kWh 3  g CO2 /km


A Well-to-Wheel comparison

 If converted into a complete well-to-wheel analysis, it appears that driving electric QUICC! scores the best results:  

Car  Energy Type   Published 
Tank-to-Wheel
CO2  g / km 		 Well-to-Tank
CO2  g/km		 Total
Well-to-Wheel
 CO2  g / km
Popular Hybrid Passenger Car HEV  104 g/km +17% 122 g/km
Popular Hybrid Passenger Car 2 HEV  104 g/km +17% 128 g/km
Popular Distribution Van in NL  Diesel  161 g/km  +19%  192 g/km
Popular Distribution Van in NL 2  Diesel  147 g/km  +19%  175 g/km
QUICC!  Wind energy 0 g/km  3 g /km  3 g /km
QUICC!  Solar energy 0 g/km  12 – 24 g/km  12 – 24 g/km
QUICC!  EU15 grid-mix *  0 g/km  63 g/km  63 g/km

 * EU Grid mix = the total average production of energy from all combined energy sources.
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